The End Of Law By John Locke - 1843 Words

â€Å"The end of law is not to abolish or restrain, but to preserve and enlarge freedom. For in all the states of created beings capable of law, where there is no law, there is no freedom† according to John Locke in Second Treaties of Government. Law is a major building block to a successful society; along with the need for law comes the need of the proper authority to enforce it. This authority, the police force, can be found in some form in almost every country in the world. Some operate as more of a military force using fear and oppression to keep the population in check. In other countries, such as the United States, the police force uses respect from the public to do their jobs. While using fear and oppression as motivators does the job, respect as a motivator is much more effective because people will obey the law and be content with it rather than becoming increasingly discontent to the point that they try to overthrow it; in the United States, however, respect is becom ing harder to achieve with the growing animosity towards the police because of the recent stories of police brutality. While police brutality focuses mostly on physical and verbal attacks and intimidation, police overstep their boundaries any time that they misuse their authority, when, really, they are not above the laws anymore than anyone else. While law enforcement can be traced back as far as the Middle Ages in the form of knights who were hired to protect the land of wealthy lords, a lot of the creditShow MoreRelatedThe American Constitution And The Bill Of Rights1463 Words   |  6 Pagesand thoughts of the philosophes, specifically John Locke. Thomas Hobbes and John Locke were both English philosophers,influential thinkers of the seventeenth century, both had confidence in a Social Contract and they both distributed books that were generally perused. Thomas Hobbes talked about and built up the social contract hypothesis through his book Leviathan. The social contract hypothesis was later bolstered and translated encourage by John Locke. This hypothesis which was essential to theRead MoreThe Enlightenment Theory Of John Locke1627 Words   |  7 PagesEnlightenment theory philosophies of John Locke offered a future that could drastically change government, economic and social ideals. Thomas Jefferson borrowed liberally from the enlightenment theory from John Locke, specifically focusing on Locks theories of the equality of men, natural rights, and that people should have a say on how the government treated people. Jefferson created a draft document created a bold experiment, America. The enlightenment philosophy of John Loc ke theorized that that men wereRead MoreJohn Lockes Political Philosophy 752 Words   |  3 Pages John Locke is one of the most influential political philosophers of the modern era. He is a strong-minded empiricist whom expresses radical views about law and order. Locke is a fascinating figure in the history of law and order whose excellence of elucidation and depth of intellectual activity remains extremely influential. His mature political philosophy leant support to the British Whig party and its principles, to the Age of Enlightenment, and to the development of the separation of the StateRead MoreJohn Locke S Justification Of Slavery953 Words   |  4 PagesJohn Locke`s Justification Of Slavery This paper examines Locke`s stand on the state of nature, the state of war, and his reasoning behind the justification of slavery. I am here to prove that Locke`s position on slavery was intended to relieve absolute power from the monarchy, and transfer more of the power into the wealthy and educated people of his own social economic background. In order to accomplish this task, the rest of the essay unfolds in three parts: Part One states and explains Locke`sRead MoreJohn Locke s Two Treatises Of Government1345 Words   |  6 PagesRohan Trivedi Course: POLS 101 Instructor: JC Boucher Date: 24 November 2016 Assignment John Locke’s Two Treatises Of Government Most scholarship that links John Locke’s ideas with eighteenth- century representations of childhood approaches children as Lockean pedagogic subjects ready for moral and intellectual education. My essay instead brings to bear on representation of children Locke the political thinker, who articulates in Two Treatises of Government (1689) a person’s rightRead MoreJohn Locke And Modern Capitalism1204 Words   |  5 PagesJohn Locke was a philosopher that didn’t think human thought was based on pure egoistic behavior. Locke believed people were partially altruistic, believing that people respected the rights of others by rational thought capabilities. There is speculation about how John Locke would view the modern idea of American Capitalism and how it would complement or conflict his idea of the social contract. I will argue that John Locke would be against this interpretation of modern capitalism. There are differentRead MoreThe Protest Of The United States1576 Words   |  7 Pagesthat they are never ignored (Mather). The main point of the Two Treaties of Government was to illustrate John Locke’s idea that all men were created equal and naturally free. He went against the ideals of Robert Filmer who believed that humans were born to be subjugated by the monarchs of their time. Like the civil rights activist who influenced the BLM movement, Ella Baker believed, John Locke agreed that people, or â€Å"Nature† had a way of governing all of mankind. There was no need for subordinationRead MoreThe State Of Nature And Government1315 Words   |  6 PagesNature and governing in â€Å"The State of Nature† are two subject that Hobbes and Locke both discuss in their book. The enlightenment period was a time of Learning, new inventions, new theories, and new government. Two prominent figures that became known during the enlightenment were Thomas Hobbes (1588-1674) and John Locke (1632-1704). These enlightenment authors represent two different side of the political spectrum; Locke repre sents the right wing with his book â€Å"Second Treatise on Civil Government†Read MoreMarx Vs. Locke1476 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Marx vs. Locke Work is something we do on a regular basis, it’s what gets us through our day and makes us who we are. In class, we discussed two authors who had a viewpoint on the idea of work. Rousseau and Marx express their opinions of the theory of work in their own writings. In Karl Marx’s reading called The Communist Manifesto he explains the differences and similarities between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat people. In Rousseau’s reading called Discourse on the Origins of InequalityRead MoreLocke vs Mill1618 Words   |  7 PagesEnglish philosophers, John Locke and John Stuart Mill. Locke and Mill men will attempt to uncover the mysteries of Liberty and Freedom and unveil the importance of being free. This essay will look at John Locke’s principle works† Second Treatise of government† and John Stuart Mills. â€Å" On Liberty and Other Essays†. This essay will attempt to compare and contrast Lockes ideology on Liberty and Freedom to that o f Mill. John Locke was one of the greatest philosopher in Europe in the end of 17th CE who wrote

Analyzing Roi With Emr System - 1964 Words

Analyzing ROI with EMR System The purpose is to have a quantitative financial return that would provide immediate profit and quick compensation for the initial investment cost. It’s important to validate any expense with the exact amount and type of expenditure being considered should be assessed. Analyzing the costs with operating without an EMR system, the 5-year net cost applying a full electronic medical record system was $86,400 per provider (Wang, et al., 2003). An addition, savings in drug expenditures made up the main portion of the benefits of 30- 33% of the total. The rest of the categories of almost half of the total savings came from the decreased radiology consumption (17%), billing errors (15%), and improvements in charge†¦show more content†¦The calculation would indicate Rate (x) initial investment (6% x $42,900) = $2,574.00 and minus the initial investment ($2,574.00 - $42,900.00) totaling -$40,326.00. All in all, this can be compared to the second pa yment option presented by the EMR Company, which allows $2,784.00 payments over 5 years with the same discount rate of 6%. As a result, this generates an NPV of -$43,616.00 using the same calculation. It is beneficial to show the NPV calculation that showed two options of financing alternatives presented by the EMR Company and proved it was financially healthier to purchase the EMR with a larger initial investment of $42,900.00 which generated a greater NPV, (Wang et al., 2003). Another Analysis of Second Financial Method The next financial method to be utilized during the financial analysis portion of capital expenditure justification is the Profitability Index (PI). Furthermore, the PI value would sustain the acquisition of this specific EMR system due to it being a positive value. The PI calculation is as follows: 0.92 (-$40,326.00/$43,616.00). The overall PI value is 0.92 The efficiency of some of these inventions was demonstrated in the inpatient setting, but outpatient success is less involved. Electronic medical records could as well be linked to additional costs with the implementation. For instance, the research

Kerala from Sangam to Dutch Period Free Essays

Introduction. ?Kerala has a unique Geographical position. ?Kerala has a rich culture and is the meeting point of many types of ideologies, Ideas and religious views. We will write a custom essay sample on Kerala from Sangam to Dutch Period or any similar topic only for you Order Now ?Travelers, merchants and rulers visited kerala and influenced its History. ?Story Behind the birth Of Kerala. ?Parasurama the 6th Incarnation of Lord Vishnuthrew an axe far into the sea and commanded the sea to retreat. ?The land that emerged from the waters became Kerala. ?From where does the term kerala come from ? ?Sanskrit scholars derive the name from â€Å"Kera or coconut†,which is a staple product of kerala. Others say it is derived from the Tamil word â€Å"Charal† meaning Mountain slope. ?Arab and Persian writers and early Malayalam and medieval Tamil Literature say that the word kerala means the land of hills and mountains. Traditional sources. ?Early history of kerala is based on traditions. The two major sources are : ? Archaeological Sources. ?Archaeological survey and excavations were started in Kerala by Ward and Conor in 1819. ? there are 3 relics of the Historical period found in the various parts of Kerala. They are : 1. monuments 2. coins 3. inscrip tion. ?Monuments. 1. Stone images of Buddha, reflect the culture of kerala during the Buddhist era. 2. Religious monuments : Temples , Churches, Mosques and Synagogues. 3. Palaces – famous Padmanabhapuram palace in Kanyakumari district and Dutch palace in Fort Cochin. 4. Forts and historical sites. ?Coins. ? Many foreign and indigenous coins have been found in kerala. †¢ Rast is the oldest of them. †¢Roman coins are the oldest Foreign coins. †¢Rulers of Travancore and Cochin Had their own independent coinage. †¢Dutch copper coins and British Indian Coins give valuable information to historians. ?Inscriptions . Throw light on the political,Cultural, and social life of the People of Kerala. 2. Give insight into working conditions of local assemblies, how temples were managed, Relationship between the landlord and tenant and functioning Of educational institutions. 3. Some inscriptions testify the liberal policy of religious tolerationfollowed by the ancient rulers of Kerala. ?San gam Age(1-500 A. D. ) ? Sangam Literature was composed, In which the Works of poets and writers threw light upon cultural, economic, political, Social and other aspects of the kingdoms of the South. Through these works we get to know what happened during the first 500 years of Christian Era : I. there was monarchy and patrilineal system of succession, II. Women were well educated and had a good position in society, III. Monogamy was the norm, widow remarriage was permitted, Child marriage was not there. ?No division of society into high and low castes,there was no untouchability, ? Rice was the staple food, people had no restrictions regarding beef eating and other non-veg items. Rice-wine was a popular drink. ?It was rare to find Brahmins though some were there as Aryan Brahmins in the royal court. Agriculture was a major occupation and due to trade with countries like Rome, they flourished as a prosperous set of people. Post Sangam Period (500-800 A. D. ) ?Main rulers of this peri od were Cheraman Perumal and Kulasekara Alwar. ?The former became a Vaishnavite Poet and the latter accepted Islam and went to Mecca. ?Adi Shankara (788-820 A. D. ) lived and propogated the Advaida philosophy during this period. ?After the creation of Kerala it was believed that Parasurama planted sixty-four joint Brahmin Families and gave them rules which would govern them. The Brahmins invited rulers called â€Å"Perumals â€Å" to rule them and each ruler was appointed for a period of 12 years to rule over them. The Kollam Epoch (800-1200A. D) ?Politically Kerala was under the Cholas and Pandyas. †¢A temple was constructed at almost every town and village in Kerala †¢ the Quilon calendar was introduced during this time in 25 July 825 A. D. ? Festivals like onam and vishu came to be celebrated. ? The 9th century A. D. saw Malayalam growing as a distinct language. ? Educational institutions like â€Å"Salai† came into existance. ? This period also saw the grow of trade and commerce. There was trade between China and Kerala. ?Tenant system was prevalent whereby the feudal lords enjoyed life at the cost of the poor tenants. ?Sales and tax on vehicles fetched a revenue for the state. ?Ravi Varma Epoch (1200-1500 A. D) ? During this period the land relations showed certain important features : ? Increase of intermediaries as temporary holders of land. ?Increased measures to expand cultivable land and enhance income from land. ?The emergence of cash money in obtaining land rights. ?Traditional landowners held the right of ownership of land. ?Pledging of land of debt on interest. Agriculture was the main occupation. ?There were other occupations like ritual-cum-medicine men, astrologers, washer men and so on. ?There was growth of trade and trading centres; ?Trade was at 3 levels : ?Transport system was essential for trade and in this context there were many boats, ships; even bridges over waterways was essential. ?Portugese Rule In Kerala. ?Polit ical authority was fragmented by the time the Portuguese came to kerala. ?In 1498, Vasco-do-Gamma reached Kappad near Kozhikode. ?Portugese, was the first to achieve a stronghold in Kerala ? A number of battles were fought between the provincial rulers and the Portugese. In 1524 Gamma was appointed the Portugese viceroy of Kerala. ?Apart from commerce, they were also interested in imparting their faith to the people. ?Many people were forced to convert. ?In 1550’s , St. Francis Xavier converted many fisher folk and other socially backward sections along the coastal regions of southern Kerala. ?The chiefs in the state (except the Muslims to whom the Portuguese were hostile) did not resist the conversion as long as they had freedom to do trade and commercial activities and the economic fabric of society was not disturbed. The Portuguese used their own tactics of divide and rule policy for fulfilling their commercial interests in the state. ?New towns had risen and old towns decayed. eg. Calicut, Cochin, Chaliyam gained importance while Quilon and Cranganore languished. ?Crops like cashewnuts, tobacco, custard apple, guava, pineapple and papaya were introduced. ?Gunp owder increased the importance of artillery. This brought unemployment among the Nairs who were well trained in swords and shields. †¢They established seminaries and colleges in Cochin, Angamali and Cranganore. For gtting Christian priests. †¢St. Francis Xavier translated Catechism into Malayalam. †¢Fearing ?The Dutch in Kerala. ?Dutch East India Company was established in the year 1592. ?In 1604 they came to the Malabar coast. ?There was rivalry btw Cochin and Kozhikode during that time and they took advantage of this situation. ?However like the Portuguese their involvement in the local politics was minimal. ?However they had conflicts btw Marthanda Varma of Thiruvithankur and Samuthiri of Kozhikode. ?The Dutch had the main power over the Trade activities. ?Pepper and spices were exported by merchants only after the consent of the Dutch people. They constructed forts and factories here like the Portuguese. ?They sold Indonesian spices and sugar to those ships which were going to Cochin. It turned out to be a success. ?But this didn’t last for long as it declined from 1783 and was completely stopped by 1793 due to poor demand. ?Conclusion ?The History of kerala is very essential part of the heritage of the state and country as well. ?If we study History well then we would know about the real background in which our state developed through the years. ?We can also see the contrasting practices that were in vogue during the ancient and medieval and the present kerala society. How to cite Kerala from Sangam to Dutch Period, Essay examples

Discuss some of the issues surrounding the classification and diagnosis of schizophrenia free essay sample

Classification systems are needed for the purpose of treatment and research. It can also be comforting to and individual and their family to be able to identify what their problem is and give it a name. Any classification system relies on the symptoms an individual display. However, symptoms tend to cluster together, so most classification systems of mental disorder focus on syndromes (i. e. clusters of symptoms that tend to occur together). However there isn’t always a perfect fit between the symptoms an individual displays those identified for a particular diagnostic category, such as schizophrenia. The two systems currently used to classify psychological abnormality are the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). For a classification system to be meaningful and useful, it needs to be valid and reliable. Reliability refers to the consistency of a measuring instrument, such as a questionnaire or scale to assess, for example, the severity of their schizophrenic symptoms. Reliability of such questionnaires or scales can be measured in terms of whether two independent clinicians give similar diagnoses (this is known as inter-rate reliability) or whether the diagnoses are consistent over time (this is known as test-retest reliability). Validity refers to the extent that diagnosis represents something that is real and distinct from other disorders and the extent that a classification system such as ICD or DSM measures what it claims to measure. One problem is that of differential diagnosis where clinicians find it difficult to distinguish schizophrenia from those of other psychiatric illnesses presenting similar symptoms. Co-morbidity refers to the extent to which two or more conditions co-occur and psychiatric co-morbidities are common among schizophrenia patients- these including substance abuse, anxiety and symptoms of depression. Dual diagnosis is specifically used to describe people with mental illness who have coexisting problems with drugs and/or alcohol. For example, recreational drugs such as amphetamines and cannabis can give rise to schizophrenia like symptoms-making diagnosis very difficult. Studies show that ? of people with severe mental illness (including bipolar disorder and schizophrenia) also experience substance abuse. Such co-morbidity creates difficulties in the diagnosis of a disorder and also in deciding what appropriate treatment to give the patient. This is a problem because the patient may be misdiagnosed and given the wrong type of treatment which will not cure the symptoms they have and may cause another type of illness e. g. Clozapine drug can lead to Parkinson’s disease. People diagnosed with schizophrenia rarely share the same symptoms, nor is there evidence that they share the same outcomes. The prognosis for patients varies with about 20% recovering their previous level of functioning, 10% achieving significant and lasting improvement and 30% showing some improvement with intermittent relapses. From this we can conclude that that a diagnosis of schizophrenia, therefore, has little predictive validity- some people never appear to recover from the disorder, but many do. Another issue regarding the validity in the diagnosis of schizophrenia is that factors such as ethnicity or social class may lead to misdiagnosis. Research suggests that in the UK and elsewhere, rates of schizophrenia among African-Caribbean are much higher than any other group. One study showed that in a survey on hospital detained psychotic patients in Birmingham, 2/3 were African-Caribbean (both migrants and British born), whilst the remaining 1/3 were White and Asian. This may suggest that the diagnosis is subjective (purely based on the opinion of the clinician) but it’s difficult to determine whether this is due to psychosocial factors (being part of an ethnic minority) or if there is in fact a greater genetic vulnerability to schizophrenia. Another complication in the diagnosis and classification of schizophrenia is the fact that schizophrenia does not seem to be a single disorder (each of the symptoms of schizophrenia could be a disorder in its own right, with its own cause and treatment). This suggests there is no single underlying causal factor. Individuals don’t respond in the same way to treatments suggesting that there is a lack of validity in the diagnosis of schizophrenia. There are several subtypes of schizophrenia, differing between the DSM and ICD and there is a very fine distinction between each subtype however, people diagnosed with one subtype can often go on to develop another. This questions the validity of the categories in schizophrenia thus weakening its reliability. A further issue that raises question towards the diagnosis is treatment aetiology fallacy- where diagnosis may change depending on treatment success- because causes of schizophrenia are unknown , suggesting that diagnosis is only really a trial and error judgement which truly lacks validity and reliability. Further issues concerning the reliability in the diagnosis of schizophrenia is the differences between the classification systems (DSM IV and ICD-10). When dealing with schizophrenia, the manuals differ in terms of duration and symptoms. Another problem of the diagnosis of schizophrenia is that when someone is labelled as schizophrenic they can be discriminated as everyone can view they’re health record e. g. a person may not be given a job because they are labelled as schizophrenic. This is an issue because this will not cure schizophrenia and can lead to the self-fulfilling prophecy. This issue can be solved if the information is kept confidential and not disclosed to everyone.